EVERY child has the right to dream and to achieve their fullest potential. However, child marriage robs them of this very basic right and go on to deprive them of their childhood, adolescence, mental and physical wellbeing. Defined as “any formal marriage or informal union between a child under 18 and an adult or another child” by Unicef, child marriage globally affects 12 million young women every year.

Fifteen thousand cases of child marriage were reported in Malaysia between 2007 to 2017 and as of 2018, 1,500 children marry annually. These numbers may only be the tip of the iceberg as many child marriage are unregistered and unrecorded. 

In March, the Women, Family and Community Development Ministry stated that it would not legislate against child marriage but would however curb and address underage marriage through the implementation of a national strategy plan to address the causes of child marriage (2020-2025). The plan has identified as risk factors for child marriage: poverty, social acceptance of child marriage, lack of access to education, legislation that allows marriage under the age of 18, lack of legal status and rights for undocumented children, and lack of access to sexual and reproductive services.

Health concerns

Child marriage involving adolescent girls significantly impacts their physical, psychological, and social wellbeing and has profound short and long-term consequences on their health and livelihood. 

Anatomical and physiological immaturity poses risks for adolescent girls during pregnancy and childbirth. The female pelvis is not fully developed and can result in childbirth complications and entails caesarean delivery. Childbirths can be too soon, too close, or too many with child marriage which further escalate the health risks.

Pregnant girls are more prone to complications like preeclampsia (hypertension in pregnancy), eclampsia (fits in pregnancy), premature birth, stillbirth, difficult labour, postpartum endometritis (infection of uterus after childbirth), systemic infection, and disability like obstetric fistula (leakage of urine from vagina) than women between 20-24 years. More alarmingly in developing countries, pregnancy and childbirth complications are the leading causes of death in girls between 10-19 years, accounting for 99% of maternal deaths of women aged 15-49, which are mostly preventable.

Girls under 18 are also 35-55% more likely to experience preterm delivery or low birthweight than those who are older than 19. Infant deaths and under-five deaths are also reported to be higher by 60% and 28% respectively in mothers under 18 and are attributable to the mother’s poor nutritional status, physical and emotional immaturity, lack of access to social and reproductive services, and high risk of infectious diseases.

Psychological concerns

Girls married before 18, deprived of a wholesome transition to adolescence, are thrown into adulthood, clueless and without adequate life skills. They suffer from significant mental health issues and severe mental distress. The disruption to their childhood isolates them from their family and peers. Depression is the most common diagnosis reported among this group as they face more stressful life events and are at higher risk for substance-related disorders. Suicidal thoughts and attempts were also identified among the girls forced into early marriage, used as a form of punishment for their families due to the stigma attached to suicide-related deaths. Consequently, these girls were at a higher risk of post-traumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and anxiety.

Domestic violence

Lacking confidence and the ability to maintain a healthy married relationship, girls forced into child marriage are at risk of being controlled by their husband and in-laws. Decision-making power about their lives shifts to their spouses and in-laws. They experience intimate partner violence at the hands of their husbands and their in-laws, drop out of school and usually lack employment. A girl forced into a child marriage is exposed to nearly twice the risk of domestic violence compared to girls married after 18. The lack of education, empowerment, and awareness is an impediment to the girls’ ability to advocate for themselves and hence, they remain trapped in their husband’s homes and unfortunately pass this vicious cycle of poverty, violence, and inequality to their own girl children. 

Next step forward

Evidence has shown that governmental strategies focused on the risk factors, can put an end to the child marriage issue. The national strategy plan aims to implement policies and programmes to address the determinants that directly impact a child: poverty mitigation, upgrading the family’s socio-economic status by strengthening financial and social support, and empowering human capital through education and job training. However, social and attitude change programmes need to be targeted at boys for gender equality whereas emphasis needs to be placed on men to stop pursuing child brides. 

We believe it is important to set the legal minimum age at marriage for girls and boys at 18 irrespective of ethnic or religious background. However, this alone may not combat the harmful practice of child marriage unless the change is implemented concurrently at macro, meta, and grassroots level, which is challenging to do. 

Our priorities should be pregnancy prevention, sex education, and universal access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, especially emergency contraception through addressing the legal and cultural barriers. Implementing effective SRH counselling at school and community with a non-judgmental approach is crucial since premarital conception is the key risk factor for marriage under 18.

In a nutshell, it is the collective duty of the policymakers, programme managers, parents, peers, partners, and healthcare and education providers to eliminate child marriage by 2030 to achieve SDG 5.3.1 and provide a safe and supportive environment for our children to reach their acme. – April 13, 2022.

* Dr Anitha Ponnupillai is senior lecturer of obstetrics and gynaecology and Dr Punithavathy Shanmuganathan, senior lecturer of family medicine, at Taylor’s University School of Medicine. 

* This is the opinion of the writer or publication and does not necessarily represent the views of The Malaysian Insight. Article may be edited for brevity and clarity.